The measurement of Multidimensional poverty in 22 districts of Tehran is the main goal of this research. Studying human deprivation regarding basic needs i.e. health, nutrition, education and political freedom seems essential due to existing shortcomings of income-based poverty measurement approach. Here, we measure Multidimensional poverty in terms of four attributes (income, housing, education and public health) using information theory approach developed by Maasoumi and Logo (2006) model. First, we calculate single-dimensional poverty based on each attribute. Then, according to difference in levels of substitutability among attributes we measure the absolute poverty using aggregate poverty line approach. The results show that the poorest districts of Tehran are district 19 in terms of income approach and districts 19 and 17 in terms of education and housing, respectively. The worst situation regarding public health belongs to district 16. The highest and the lowest Multidimensional poverty rate were observed in districts 4 and 1 respectively. Furthermore, if substitution coefficient among attributes increases, then the Multidimensional poverty rate will decrease. About 63 percent of Tehran population is of relative deprivation.

The aim of this study is to measure the Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) in Iranian nomads by using Alkire and Foster method. In this method, the incidence and intensity of poverty is calculated by within and cross dimensional cutoffs. According to the MPI of UNDP, the dimensions of poverty index are education, health and standard of living. Furthermore, the required data consist of the results of the socioeconomic census of nomads in 2008. The results show that, 42% of the tribes are living in poverty condition, deprived at least in 30% of the indicators and intensity of their poverty is 46%. On the other hand, the deprivations of tribes in the dimensions and indicators are heterogeneous. Moreover, improvement on education and health indicators especially in nomad’s girls and women has the greatest impact on poverty reduction, which has also been emphasized in the Millennium Development Goals.

This study aims to investigate the factors affecting Multidimensional poverty, as a complicated socioeconomic problem in Iran. To overcome some problems and limitations which the previous studies encountered them, we used a multilevel model to analyze individual and macro level factors simultaneously. First, we explain the Alkire-Foster model of measuring Multidimensional poverty in detail and measured this index in Iran and all its 31 provinces during 2005-2015. Then we use 7 variables in individual level (Household size, education level of head of households, education level of the head’ s spouse, sex, age and marital status of the head and independence degree of households members) and 10 variables in the province (GDP, per capita value added of education sector, per capita value added of health sector, per capita value added of social security sector, unemployment rate, inflation rate, per capita government expenditures, per capita government investment, per capita tax and degree of urbanization) to analyze the factors affecting Multidimensional poverty. The results show that both individual and macro level factors affect the Multidimensional poverty index. By comparing the estimated coefficients, among the individual level factors, education level of head of household, independence degree of household’ s members and household size are the most affecting variables and in the macro level factors, the inflation rate is the most important variable.

1- INTRODUCTION   Multidimensional poverty based on Alkire & Foster indexses is health indicator, education indicator, standard of living indicator. Preferences is the resaons of people for Decision-making is divided into trust, risks, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity. This research introduces the temporal time preferences and its influences on Multidimensional poverty. Two stages used in the research method, the first Multidimensional poverty measuring and the second identify the preferences on Multidimensional poverty. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in MATLAB software used to examine the effects of this. The results show that altruism has a greater effect on Multidimensional poverty than other variables and the next are, positive and negative reciprocity, trust and risks.   2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this paper, Alkire & Foster's method is used to measure Multidimensional poverty. This method has been used in regional and international studies of Multidimensional poverty. Preferences in this article are time preferences. Superior preferences are defined in terms of individual preferences at the time of decision. Initially, for measuring Multidimensional poverty using the the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems and then investigate the influence of preferences on Multidimensional poverty. The Alkir & Foster's method is flexibly tested to measure Multidimensional poverty in various dimensions of income, living standards, education, health and wellness, as well as superior time preferences. In this research, capability approach of sen uses for selective parameters that are compatible with the selection of dimension factors, deprivation indices for dimensions, size dimensions and weights for each dimension are used. All of the above is achieved by gathering information from the target areas.   3- METHODOLOGY    The data used in this study were collected through the distribution of questionnaires in marginal areas in Mashhad. According to the definition of age of poverty, the first stage of which is to find society and poor people, refer to the areas of Qala-e-Sakhtman, Golshahr, Cement Road and North Tabarsi, which are less developed and underdeveloped areas on the outskirts of Mashhad. Considering the annual income of individuals in 1398, which is 15,170,000 Rials per month and 182,040,000 Rials per year, individuals with less than the minimum selection rights and a Multidimensional poverty questionnaire were selected, if they were satisfied.  500 questionnaires were distributed among the target regions. The Multidimensional poverty questionnaire was designed using Multidimensional poverty indicators in articles and the standard Multidimensional poverty questionnaire (Alkir & Foster) and in order to assess the effect of superior time preferences, preference indices were added. Questionnaires were distributed in two stages. The first stage identified Multidimensional poverty by distributing questionnaires among low-income peoples and the second stage provided preference identification questionnaires among middle-income people and then completed Multidimensional poverty questionnaires and the effect of preferences on the dimensions of Multidimensional poverty using It is determined by the options. In this study, the variables of education, living standards, health and hygiene for Multidimensional poverty and the variables of temporal trust, temporal risk, temporal altruism, positive and negative temporal interaction, are used for superior temporal preferences. The selected variables for Multidimensional poverty are selected from the Alkir & Foster questionnaire and the preference variables are selected according to the questionnaire designed by the global site of preferences. In selecting areas, the level of deprivation in all dimensions is considered.   4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION   Dimensons of Multidimensional poverty Altruism Positive and negative reciprocity Trust Risk   5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS In the previous studies, the effect of preferences on Multidimensional poverty considered separately. In this paper, the effect of superior temporal preferences on Multidimensional poverty was investigated using Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Multidimensional poverty is introduced in various papers with other factors of deprivation such as education, health, living standards. Preferences introduce as the reasons for people's decisions. Preferences refer to trust, risk, altruism, and positive and negative reciprocity. For the first time in this study, the superior preferences of time that the reasons for the decision of the person outside the previous decisions and consider the reasons of the people at the time of the decision. Hence, temporal trust, temporal risk, temporal altruism, and positive and negative temporal interaction occur at the moment of a person's decision, and in the past, the effect of this preference has rarely existed. The reason for this is related to the individual's decision-making conditions at the time of the decision. For example, a person does not trust different people, but at the moment of decision making, he trusts the reasons and circumstances. Finally, by creating an ANFIS model, we examine the preferences for each of the dimensions of Multidimensional poverty and obtain the results using the best creative membership functions and rules. According to the results table of temporal altruism, temporal reciprocity, temporal trust and temporal risk are the most common reasons for people to help and have the greatest impact on the dimensions of Multidimensional poverty. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that attention to Multidimensional poverty and its dimensions is necessary to reduce poverty, and in this regard, the personal and social potentials of individuals such as altruism, reciprocity, trust and risk can be Used to provide information on the dimensions of deprivation.

Although there is no Unified approach about what child poverty is and how it is calculated, but most studies and organizations related to the issue of child poverty, consider it as a Multidimensional phenomenon. Proper understanding of the situation of children and teen agers who experience poverty in their lives, can be an important tool for breaking the void circle of poverty and child poverty reduction policies. In this article, Multidimensional child poverty and overlapping of children's deprivations in 6 dimensions are investigated. For this purpose, "Justice Measuring Project in Tehran 2011" and "Multiple poverty and Overlapping of Deprivation Analysis Approach" were used. Results indicate that across the six dimensions, child deprivation rates are highest in facilities, housing, health, nutrition, security and protection and education respectively. 79% children in Tehran also are deprived in one or more dimensions out of that six case. The children on average, deprived in one or more dimensions tend to suffer from 1. 8 deprivations, . This is 30% of the total deprivations.

A Multidimensional approach to measuring poverty facilitates the assessment of educational poverty as one of its several dimensions. Utilizing this approach, the overall poverty in Iran in the years of 2005 and 2015 is measured and then the share of its educational dimension and its subsets that include the educational status of the head of household, and that of the children, are calculated. Furthermore, different provinces were categorized in this regard into two categories of having educational poverty and extreme educational poverty. Results show that the educational dimension has the highest share among all constituents of overall poverty as it counts for nearly 50% of overall poverty. The extent of educational poverty in urban and rural areas of the country in 2015 is 42% and 66%, while that of extreme educational poverty in these areas is 3% and 0. 9% respectively, showing a decrease compared to 2005. In 2015, the province of Kurdistan had the highest urban educational poverty, while the highest rural educational poverty was in Qom province. The province of Sistan and Baluchestan shows the highest level of extreme educational poverty in both areas.